Health is not just a lack of disease, but is also a positive state of physical, mental and social well-being. External factors influencing physical health include exercise, diet and nutrition, rest, and quality of life. Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and can make a contribution to his or her community. In addition, the maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health, productivity, a long life and a positive attitude.
Immigrants typically arrive in Canada with better physical health than the general population. This is the so-called 'healthy immigrant' effect, resulting partly from the medical and health-related screening during the immigration application, and partly from self-selection, as those who choose to undergo the challenges of immigration are more likely to be individuals with high levels of stamina and motivation.
However, the 'healthy immigrant' effect diminishes over time. Socio-economic factors such as poverty, low health literacy, mental health issues from earlier trauma experiences, and stress related to the settlement process (including unemployment, financial pressures and a lack of social supports) can all impact upon the health status of immigrant community members. Culturally sensitive health care programs and resources are often limited in number and concentrated in certain geographical areas. In addition, many general health care facilities lack written policies for addressing the needs of clients facing cultural or linguistic barriers.
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